Volumetric Properties Research Articles

New analytical thermodynamic models developed for pure H2, CH4, CO2 and H2 containing mixtures based on molecular simulations

Pressure-volume-temperature-composition (PVTX) properties of gas mixtures are important to model and predict flow and compression performance in a range of industrial processes. It is time consuming and sometimes impractical to obtain these properties from experiments. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to compute the thermodynamic volumetric properties of pure H2, CH4, CO2, and binary mixtures of H2/CH4 and H2/CO2 at temperatures of 310.9–470 K, pressures up to 172 MPa. MD simulation results were used to develop five analytical equations explicit in pressure as a function of density or volume, temperature, and composition, for the pure gases and mixtures. Our simulated results matched very well with the predictions from the established GERG-2008 equation and data published by NIST. The simplified equations of state (EOS) developed in this work will be more computationally efficient than other EOS for mixed systems. This can be significant in reservoir simulations.

The Performance of Modified Asphalt Mixtures with Different Lengths of Glass Fiber

AbstractOne practical option for modifying an asphalt mixture’s performance is to use additives. This will help the mixture perform better against the damaging effects of traffic, loads, and climatic variations. In this regard, glass fiber (GF) has drawn much interest because of its positive effect. Therefore, this paper attempts to study the effect of glass fiber length and content on the performance and strength of asphalt mixtures. It also aims to determine the optimum glass fiber content and the best glass fiber length of modified asphalt mixtures. An experimental program is carried out, which includes the Marshall test, volumetric properties, freeze-thaw splitting test, immersion Marshall test, and wheel tracking test to characterize related properties of glass fiber incorporated in asphalt mixtures. Seven different percentages (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5) of glass fiber by total weight of aggregates in three various lengths are used to design 19 asphalt mixtures. Based on the results obtained, the performance of the asphalt mixture was enhanced remarkably after adding glass fiber. The use of various lengths of glass fiber led to a better-quality asphalt mixture in terms of volumetric properties, moisture damage resistance, and permanent deformation resistance. Specifically, asphalt mixtures made with (0.5%) glass fiber illustrated the highest quality, and adding (20 mm) length of glass fiber was better than (10 mm and 30 mm) glass fiber lengths. The results also show that adding (10 mm and 30 mm) lengths of glass fiber can improve the resistance of asphalt mixtures to water damage and permanent deformation compared with the control mixture (M0). The findings indicate the applicability of 20 mm glass fiber length in asphalt mixtures to achieve better resistance against moisture and reduce the chance of irreparable permanent deformation under growing traffic loads and hot climate changes. Although the inclusion of glass fiber in asphalt mixtures led to a modest increase (6%) in overall cost, the effective improvement in performance and extension of the service life of the asphalt pavement constitute a convincing argument for this approach, making it an attractive option. Finally, it was concluded that a higher amount of glass fiber (i.e., > 0.5%) and a length greater than (20 mm) could diminish the positive effect of glass fiber to improve the properties of glass fiber asphalt mixtures.

On the properties of water in betaine – Based Deep eutectic solvents

Deep eutectic solvents have gained attention as environmentally friendly alternatives in various technological applications. Likewise, it is known the relevant effect of water on the physicochemical properties of Deep Eutectics, especially for hydrophilic ones. In this study, Betaine – based type III Deep Eutectic solvents (with ethylene glycol, fructose, malic acid or citric acid as Hydrogen Bond Donors) are considered and the properties and structuring of water in Deep Eutectic solutions (content lower than 20 %) were investigated considering volumetric properties, optical properties (refraction index), dynamic properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity) as well as relevant characteristics for liquid phase nature such as polarizability and molecular packing. Viscosity measurements demonstrated a wide variation in viscosities, with water content playing a significant role, thus probing how water content largely affect dynamic properties of Deep Eutectics. Additionally, high water content led to improved thermal and electrical conductivity, particularly in mixtures containing citric acid and malic acid as Hydrogen Bond Donors. The polarizability decreased with increasing water content, and packing calculations indicated that the most voluminous molecules occupied interstitial voids. Our findings contribute to the understanding of water in Deep Eutectics solution, aiding their optimization for sustainable applications.

Thermodynamic and spectroscopic investigation of the molecular interactions among vitamin B5, calcium salt, and cyclodextrins in aqueous media

The pharmaceutical industry aims to enhance drug development processes by gaining a deeper understanding of the physiochemical properties of drug molecules. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the volumetric and compressibility properties of the drug, calcium-D-pantothenate (CDP) in aqueous solutions of cyclodextrins (β-CD/HP-β-CD). By measuring density and speed of sound, we have evaluated various parameters, including apparent molar volume, compressibility, and their corresponding infinite dilution parameters. by measuring density and speed of sound. In addition to this, positive transfer parameters such as ΔtrVs,φo and ΔtrKs,φo of solute provide insights into solute-co-solute and solute–solvent interactions. Also, Hepler’s constant offers valuable information on the structure-breaking characteristics of the studied drug in cyclodextrin medium. The decrease in molar conductance of binary system on addition of cyclodextrin supports our theoretical observation from volumetric and compressibility studies. Positive values of activation energy favours spontaneity and solubilization process. Furthermore, the 1H NMR study demonstrates that the β-CD molecule interacts more strongly with CDP molecules as compared to HP-β-CD.

A study of enhancing the solubility of streptomycin sulphate in sorbitol using volumetric, acoustic and viscometric properties

The various molecular interactions present between streptomycin sulphate and sorbitol were evaluated using density (ρ), speed of sound (u) and viscosity (η) studies. All these studies have been obtained at different temperatures (300.15, 305.15, 310.15 ad 315.15) K and at 0.1 MPa pressure. The values obtained from these studies have been utilized to calculate the various thermodynamic parameters such as apparent molar volume (ΦV), apparent molar isentropic compression (ΦK), partial molar volume (ΦVo), partial molar isentropic compression (ΦKo), partial molar expansibility (ΦEo) of solute for SMS in various solutions of sorbitol. The data obtained from viscosity studies have been utilized to determine Falkenhagen coefficient (A), Jones- Dole coefficient (B), dB/dT and viscosity B-coefficient of transfer (Btr). A complete discernment into the physicochemical interactions present in the studied system have been redeemed through the scrutiny of above calculated parameters.

A Study of the Micellar Formation of N-Alkyl Betaine Ethyl Ester Chlorides Based on the Physicochemical Properties of Their Aqueous Solutions.

In this study, a series of four surface-active compounds-N-alkyl betaine ethyl ester chlorides, CnBetC2Cl-were synthesized and characterized in aqueous solutions. As with other alkyl betaines, these amphiphiles can be practically used, for example, as co-surfactants and/or solubility enhancers acting according to hydrotropic or micellar mechanisms, depending on the alkyl chain length in the amine. We focused on the representatives of the medium alkyl chain length (C6-C12) to find the dependence between the alkyl chain length in N-alkyl betaine ethyl ester chlorides and the surface, volumetric, acoustic, and viscometric properties of their solutions. Ethyl esters, the derivatives of amino acids, were chosen to increase functionality and take advantage of possible hydrolysis in solutions at higher pH, which is also a key parameter in biodegradability. The micellization parameters were calculated based on the physicochemical characteristics. We focused our interest on the ester with a dodecyl substituent since we can compare and discuss its properties with some other C12 representatives that are available in literature. Surprisingly, its micellization characteristic is almost temperature-independent in the investigated temperature range, t = (15-45) °C. Particularly interesting are the results of dynamic light scattering (DLS), which show that the changes in physicochemical parameters of the C12 homolog around the CMC are caused by the two types of micelles of different sizes present in solutions.

Mechanical Properties and Performance of Mixtures Containing a High Level of Recycled Materials That Are Designed Using Alternative Approaches

Using recycled asphalt material (RAM) in asphalt mixtures is very common among transportation agencies. With the recent development of balanced mix design methods, it is becoming more important to understand how to optimize mixture performance by offsetting the adverse effects of RAM. In this paper, mixtures from three different sources were adjusted according to the availability adjusted mix design (AAMD) and corrected optimum asphalt content (COAC) methods. Three control mixtures containing RAM, three mixtures containing no RAM, five mixtures designed according to the AAMD method (two of which had 50% reclaimed asphalt pavement content), and two mixtures adjusted using the COAC-based approach were evaluated. Both asphalt mixture performance tester experiments and index tests were used in this study to evaluate material-level indicators of cracking and rutting resistance. Additionally, pavement performance simulations were carried out using AASHTOWare Pavement ME and FlexPAVETM to assess how the observed material-level differences led to differences in structural-level pavement performance. Both the AAMD and COAC methods improved cracking measures. However, the results suggest that the additional virgin binder added through the COAC method without any adjustments to the aggregate structure can have negative consequences for the rutting performance measures. In addition, the mixture and pavement performance results suggest that the AAMD method is a rational approach for including recycled binder availability in mix design procedures to promote improvements in the cracking performance of mixtures by controlling the volumetric properties and the aggregate structure of the mix without having a detrimental effect on rutting resistance.

Performance Comparison of Conventional and Biopolymer-modified Asphalt Mixtures for Airport Pavement

Raising the temperature of airport pavement softens its surface, leading to rutting or thermal cracking. As aircraft manufacturers lean toward heavier planes with higher tire pressures, challenges arise. To tackle these problems, incorporating polymers like high-density polyethylene into asphalt binders has emerged as a solution. This study investigates biopolymer-modified asphalt, blending conventional asphalt with highdensity polyethylene and pine resin. This study aims to compare the performance of asphalt mixtures using both conventional and biopolymer-modified asphalt binders. Various tests‒physical, Fourier transform infrared, energy dispersive X-ray, dynamic shear rheometer, volumetric properties, Marshall stability, retained stability, indirect tensile strength and Cantabro loss-were conducted. The results highlighted that integrating pine resin and high-density polyethylene increased the performance grade (PG) of the conventional asphalt from PG 64 to PG 82. Asphalt mixtures using biopolymer-modified binders exhibited superior stability, stiffness and resistance to moisture damage compared to those with conventional asphalt. These properties aligned with the specifications outlined in Item P-401 of the Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular 150/5370-10H. Keywords: Pine resin, High-density polyethylene, Biopolymer-modified asphalt, Performance grade 64, Performance grade 82

Influence of Non-Melting Waste Plastics on Volumetric Properties and Performance of Asphalt Mixtures

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of using polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics as an additive in asphalt mixtures. For this purpose, volumetric modification, moisture susceptibility along with performance variation at high, intermediate, and low temperature conditions were evaluated. Initially plastics were subjected to calorimeter analysis for assessing their melting characterization. Both PS and PET are included as dry mix additives individually at dosage levels of 3%, 6%, and 9% by weight of asphalt binder. Further, the changes in thermal properties of plastics occurring during mixture preparation were correlated to better understand the volumetric modification. PS, owing to its glass transition and partial amorphous nature, exhibited minimum deviation (<1%) from design air voids (4 ± 0.5%). PET was observed to increase the volumes of voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) and air void, owing to its crystalline nature. As regards performance, PS and PET modification enhanced the moisture resistance by 1.05 to 1.11 times the control mixture. The rutting tolerance index ( RTindex) value increased for all plastic modified mixtures from the indirect tensile asphalt rutting test (IDEAL RT) performed at 58°C. However, the intermediate temperature cracking tolerance index ( CTindex) at 19°C conveyed the high embrittled nature from plastic modification making the mixtures more susceptible to cracking. From the Gf versus l75 /m75 interaction diagram, it was conveyed that although addition of plastics improves the fracture toughness of asphalt mixtures, the ductile nature of mixtures is compromised. Also, PS and PET modification could not improve the ability of asphalt mixtures to resist thermal cracking, evaluated at −18°C.

Plastic roads: asphalt mix design and performance

Plastic materials are extensively utilized in various aspects of daily life. However, the substantial amount of plastic waste generated can cause significant global environmental issues without efficient waste management practices. To address this problem, the utilization of waste plastics in high-value applications such as highway construction through hot mix asphalt (HMA) has been deemed ideal. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) are the three most prevalent types of plastic waste found in municipal solid waste. The impact of plastic-type and content on the mechanical, volumetric, and durability properties of hot mixed asphalt (HMA) was investigated by utilizing varying plastic contents of PET, LDPE, and HDPE. Tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM standards on twelve HMA mixtures made with an optimal binder content (OBC) of 4.3%, and plastic contents of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight of OBC. Marshall stability and flow tests were conducted to ascertain the optimal plastic content for each tested mixture. The findings indicated that the stability and flow values improved as the plastic content was raised. 9% LDPE mix gave a maximum Marshal stability value of 12 kN. Additionally, as the plastic content increased, the values for air voids and voids filled with asphalt decreased in all 12 mixes tested. This research aligns with the United Nations 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs), including SDGs 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, and presents a viable method for implementing the 3Rs approach towards sustainable plastic waste management.

Performance evaluation of stone mastic asphalt reinforced with shredded waste E-cigarette butts

The recycling of waste materials in asphalt pavements is pivotal for advancing the road industry, offering numerous environmental, economic, and societal benefits. This study explores the recycling potential of waste electronic cigarette butts (E-CBs) within stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures, serving as a substitute for cellulose fibres and enhancing mechanical performance. Considering the critical role of fibre size in asphalt mixtures, two different E-CB shredding sizes (10 and 15 mm) were selected for examination. Additionally, the influence of the plastic component within E-CBs was investigated. The stabilizing effects of using the shredded E-CBs were evaluated via drain-down tests, followed by a series of standard laboratory tests aimed at assessing physical and mechanical properties. Results demonstrate acceptable drain-down properties, volumetric properties, and moisture susceptibility for the use of all four shredded E-CBs. Among the four mixtures incorporating the waste fibres, the utilization of 15 mm shredded E-CBs without plastic constituents yielded the highest values for indirect tensile strength (ITS) and indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM), coupled with excellent water susceptibility and rutting performance. It can be considered a promising alternative to the traditional cellulose fibre. Larger shredded E-CBs exhibited potential for improving mechanical properties, encompassing cohesion, stiffness modulus, and rutting resistance. Although plastic inclusion can enhance rutting resistance, the higher thermal susceptibility associated with plastic warrants careful consideration. Future research may focus on investigating the fatigue and low-temperature cracking properties, as well as the reinforcing mechanisms of shredded E-CBs in asphalt mixtures using micro-characterization techniques.

Thermo-acoustic properties of monosaccharides D(−)-ribose and D(+)-xylose in aqueous diammonium hydrogen phosphate solutions at different temperatures

The volumetric and acoustic properties are used for investigating the interactions of polyhydroxy solutes D(−)-ribose and D(+)-xylose in different concentrations of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) solutions. Densities and speeds of sound of D(−)-ribose and D(+)-xylose in aqueous diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) solutions have been measured over a temperature range of (298.15–318.15) K and at experimental pressure p = 0.1 MPa. Different parameters viz apparent molar volumes, Vϕ, partial molar volumes, apparent molar isentropic compression, partial molar isentropic compression, partial molar volume of transfer and molar isentropic compression of transfer are obtained using experimental density and ultrasonic speed data. The calculated parameters are discussed in rapports of solute–solvent interactions in solutions indicated the presence of ion-ion, ion-polar, hydrophilic-hydrophilic and hydrophobic–hydrophobic interactions in these ternary solutions, which was also confirmed from obtained positive values of apparent molar volume and negative values of apparent molar isentropic compressibility. Pair (VAB, KAB) and triplet (VABB, KABB) interaction coefficients determined by means of McMillan-Mayer theory are used to acquire valuable information about the dominance of pairwise interactions in the studied mixtures.

P–ρ–T Data and Derived Volumetric Properties of Benzyl Alcohol, ±2-Octanol (Racemic Mixture), and 1-Heptanol from 283.15 to 363.15 K at Pressures up to 65 MPa

<i>P</i>–ρ–<i>T</i> Data and Derived Volumetric Properties of Benzyl Alcohol, ±2-Octanol (Racemic Mixture), and 1-Heptanol from 283.15 to 363.15 K at Pressures up to 65 MPa

Availability adjusted mix design method as a tool to mitigate the adverse effects of RAP on the performance of asphalt mixtures

The use of high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures offers economic and environmental advantages. However, state agencies place limits on RAP usage to avoid its indiscriminate use without a full understanding of its long-term performance implications. To achieve a more informed and rational use of higher RAP contents, it is essential to quantify recycled binder availability (RBA) and incorporate it into asphalt mixture design. The current design methods often assume complete RBA, leading to less durable mixtures. Standardized mixture design methods fail to rigorously account for the effects of RBA on the volumetric composition of asphalt mixture. Recently, the availability adjusted mixture design (AAMD) method was developed to address these issues by explicitly considering partial RBA in the interpretation of mixture volumetric properties and accounting for the role of RAP agglomerations on aggregate structure. This study tests the hypothesis that the AAMD method can mitigate the adverse performance consequences of RAP through the control of ‘available’ volumetric and effective binder properties. This was achieved by comparing virgin and RAP mixtures designed with similar ‘available’ volumetric properties according to the AAMD method. Additionally, control mixtures with RAP contents ranging from 20 to 35 percent were compared to AAMD mixtures with similar ‘available’ volumetric properties designed with the same RAP content and with 50 percent RAP. The collective results demonstrate that the AAMD method effectively mitigates negative performance consequences of RAP by controlling the ‘available’ volumetric and effective binder properties.

Probe into the volumetric properties of binary mixtures: Essence of regression-based machine learning algorithms

Evaluating the volumetric properties of the binary mixtures is always a cumbersome and tedious task as the volumetric properties are sensitive towards the environmental conditions. The present novel work aims to predict the volumetric properties of different binary mixtures using regression-based machine learning algorithms. Four different machine learning algorithms are employed for making the surrogate models, namely, Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Stacked Ensemble (SE), Random Forest (RF), and Extremely Randomized Trees (XRT) for predicting the density, ultrasonic speed, viscosity, deviation in ultrasonic speed, deviation in viscosity, and excess molar volume of the binary mix made up of p-chlorotoluene and methanol. The accuracy of the algorithms is evaluated using the statistical tools over the predicted and the actual values. The machine learning algorithms can successfully predict the volumetric properties of the mix with GBM as the best and XRT as the worst amongst the models studied. After that, the surrogate models are also built to predict the properties of the different binary mixtures, namely, 2-chlorotoluene and n-hexane, 4-chlorotoluene and n-hexane, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and n-hexane, 2-chlorotoluene and 1,4-dioxane, 4-chlorotoluene and 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and 1,4-dioxane, 2-chlorotoluene and methanol, 2-chlorotoluene and ethanol, 2-chlorotoluene and cyclohexane, 4-chlorotoluene and cyclohexane, and 1,3-dichlorobenzene and cyclohexane. For all the binary mixtures studied, GBM is found to be the most accurate algorithm for predicting the properties. Density is found to be sensitive towards the temperature, whereas remaining properties towards the mole fraction.

Measurement and Modeling of Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Behaviors of Frozen Clays: Frost Susceptibility and Compressibility

The risk of geohazards associated with frozen subgrades is well recognized, but a comprehensive framework to evaluate frost susceptibility from microstructural characteristics to macroscopic thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviors has not been established. This study aims to propose a simple framework for quantitatively assessing frost susceptibility and compressibility in frozen soils. A systematic THM model was devised to predict heat transfer, soil freezing characteristics, and stress states in frozen soils. Constant freezing experiments and oedometer compression tests were performed on bentonite clays under varying temperatures (−5°C, −10°C, and −20°C) and stress levels to validate the proposed model. Additionally, soil electrical conductivity measurements were employed to assess the temperature- and stress-dependent volumetric and mechanical properties of frozen soils. The model used Fourier’s law to compute the transient soil temperature profile and estimated the volume change and stress states based on the soil freezing characteristic curve. Experimental results showed that frost heave of bentonite reached between 9.0% and 26.6% of axial strain, which was largely predicted by the proposed model. It also demonstrated that the frost heave was mainly attributed to the fusion of the porewater. Additionally, the preconsolidation pressure of frozen soils exhibited a rapid increasing trend with decreasing temperature, which was explained by the temperature-dependent ice morphology in the soil interpore. Furthermore, the findings also demonstrated a remarkable sensitivity in the electrical conductivity in response to the soil temperature during the frost heave process and the stress state under the loading or unloading path.

MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF TWO DIFFERENT GRADATIONS OF POROUS ASPHALT MIXTURES INCORPORATING BAMBOO FIBER

Porous asphalt (PA) is used to control the effects of storm water and reduce runoff. However, due to high air void content, it decreases the volumetric properties and tensile strength of PA. Thus, this study aims to investigate the inclusion of bamboo fiber enhances the volumetric properties of PA and contributes to the resolution of the low tensile strength problem. Stability, flow, density, and stiffness are some variables considered. Other considerations include the use of a void filled with bitumen (VFB) with two separate gradations of polyacrylonitrile (PA) and four different percentages of bamboo fiber (0.2 percent, 0.3 percent, 0.4 percent, and 0.5 percent). In addition, the permeability, binder drain-down, and Cantabro loss tests are used to analyze the modified PA's physical qualities. According to the findings, including bamboo could contribute considerably to improving the inner structure of PA for both grades. Besides, additional bamboo fiber significantly reduces the abrasion value by 80%, whereas the binder drain down improved the volumetric properties and preserved the permeability characteristics of PA. Therefore, it can be concluded that the existence of bamboo PA can significantly improved the mechanical performance of PA.

Volumetric properties of three nonylphenol ethoxylated nonionic surfactant mixtures with methanol: Experimental study and modeling with Tammann-Tait and PC-SAFT equation of state

Although physicochemical properties are essential for production and equipment design in oil and gas industries, there is still a lack of data for some systems because of hazardous temperature and pressure conditions. This work provides a volumetric behavior study of three different mixtures composed of nonylphenol ethoxylated nonionic surfactant (IGEPAL CO-520, CO-630, and CO-720) + methanol in the entire mole fraction composition range for temperatures from 313.15 K to 413.15 K and pressures up to 100.0 MPa. These systems behave as a regular liquid, with a volume contraction predominance. It was observed that for high methanol molar content, there is an increase in the cohesive forces because of the ethoxylated chain increases in oxyethylene units. Nevertheless, it was observed that the hydrogen bonds between ether oxygens and hydroxyl hydrogens decrease by increasing temperature, as given by internal pressure data and PC-SAFT modeling. Besides, a new set of parameters for the PC-SAFT equation of state is provided to calculate volumetric and second-order derivative properties.

Densities and volumetric properties of pyridine with 2-dimethylaminoethanol and 2-diethylaminoethanol at temperatures from 293.15 to 313.15 K

ABSTRACT The densities ρ of binary mixtures of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol and 2-diethylaminoethanol with pyridine were measured over the entire concentration range at 293.15, 303.15 and 313.15 K. The values of excess molar volume, V m E , apparent molar volume, V φ , DMAE and V φ , DEAE ; partial molar volumes, V ˉ m , 1 and V ˉ m , 2 , excess partial molar volumes, V ˉ m , 1 E and V ˉ m , 2 E have been computed using the experimental observations. The partial molar volumes, V ˉ m , 1 o and V ˉ m , 2 o ; excess partial molar volumes, V ˉ m , 1 oE and V ˉ m , 2 oE at infinite dilution were also calculated. The variations of these parameters as a function of composition and temperature are discussed in terms of the intermolecular interactions in the studied binary mixtures.

Modelling of the variation of granular base materials resilient modulus with material characteristics and humidity conditions

This study aims to quantify the susceptibility of granular materials used in pavements to changes in moisture content and propose a correlation model to incorporate this susceptibility into seasonal analyses. The fines content and the percentage of fractured coarse aggregates were identified as direct indicators of the resilient modulus susceptibility to changes in water content. The results showed that the percentage of fractured coarse aggregates particles (FR) has a more significant impact on the resilient modulus (Er) of crushed granular materials used in pavement construction than the combined indicator of the fines content and sample volumetrics (nf). Crushed granular materials with a higher percentage of fractured coarse aggregates are relatively insensitive to changes in the degree of saturation, but become more sensitive as the fine fraction porosity decreases. An adjusted model was proposed based on the existing formulation, but considers a complex parameter to describe and adjust the sensitivity of base granular materials to variations in moisture content with respect to fabrication characteristics, fines content and volumetric properties. The model shows that the variation of Er values is below ±10% for fully crushed granular materials. However, it reaches approximately ±12% for materials with 75% of crushed coarse aggregates and +40% and −25% for materials with FR ​= ​50%. This model could help select good aggregates characteristics and adjust grain-size distribution for environments where significant moisture content variations can occur in the pavement system, such as in the Province of Quebec (Canada). As it is based on parameters that can be easily determined or estimated, it also represents a valuable tool for detailed design and analysis that can consider material characteristics.